Malaria Bibliography

World Malaria Report 2011. World Health Organisation (2011). Available from http://www.who.int/malaria/world_malaria_report_2011/en/

Malaria. NHS choices (14.11.2012). Available from http://www.nhs.uk/Pages/Preview.aspx?site=Malaria&print=63488

Malaria Research Timeline. Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (2008). Available from  http://www.worldmalariaday.org/download/share_docs_en/1_malaria-timeline2.pdf

“Malaria – Past and Present”. Nobelprize. org.2 (Dec 2012) Available from http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/mala

Thompson, A. (17.2.2011) Malaria and the fall of Rome. (Online). Available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/malaria_01.shtml

Health Politics. (2006) The Fight Against Malaria. [Online] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=2Kt3dcF_KpM&feature=endscreen

[Accessed 25 November 2012]

Learning Resource Centres. (2005) Harvard Referencing. [Unpublished presentation]. Doncaster College.

Malaria Site All About Malaria. (2011) Drug Resistance  [Online] Available from:  http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/DrugResistance.htm   [Accessed 25 November 2012]

Tren, R. and Bate, R. Malaria And The DDT Story. When Politics Kills. [Online] Available from: http://cei.org/PDFs/malaria.pdf [Accessed 25 November 2012]

World Health Organisation. (2006) WHO gives indoor use of DDT a clean bill of health for controlling malaria. [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2006/pr50/en/ [Accessed 25November 2012]

World Health Organisation. (2009) Countries move toward more sustainable ways to roll back malaria. [Online] Available from:  http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2009/malaria_ddt_20090506/en/index.html [Accessed 25 November 2012]

World Health Organisation. (2012) Malaria. [Online] Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/ [Accessed 25November 2012]

Malaria Facts

Name of disease	Malaria
Name of causative agent	Plasmodium parasite
Type of microbe	Eukaryote
If Bacterial:	The bacteria that causes Malaria is called Plasmodium
·         Gram-reaction	Typically, smears for malarial parasites are stained using the same stains as for blood smears. They are not bacteria, they are intracellular parasites.
·         Cell shape and arrangement	Transportation into the cell, secretion, diffusion and reproduction. Cell shape is rod like. (Malaria is an acute febrile illness)
If Eukaryotic:	Protozoa There are four different species ; Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malaria
·         Multicellular or Unicellular	Unicellular (acellular intracellular parasites) Egg sac ruptures and releases cells called sporozoites which travel to the salivary glands. Sporozites enter the bloodstream with mosquito bite and travel to the liver. Then develops in liver cells, which change form and invade red blood cells.
If Viral:	Cardiovascular & Lymphatic disease -  Parasitic Disease
·         Naked or Enveloped	Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by a eukaryotic protist of the immune system's ability to fight viral infection.
·         Formation of Provirus	parasitic infection on the development of a lymphotropic virus
Epidemiology:
·         Geographic Prevalence	Over 100 countries with tropical and subtropical regions are affected; Africa, South & Central America, Hispaniola, Oceania, Asia & the Middle East
·         Average rates of infection	R=0 no. Zero. N/A – Infection very possible if a person visits a country with malarious areas, having had no anti-malarial drugs beforehand
·         Reservoir(s)	Humans, Anopheles mosquitoes, animals such as monkeys and birds
·         Main transmission mode(s)	Bite from a female Anopheles mosquito causes infected saliva to enter the bloodstream and multiply
Pathology:
·         Major tissues/organs affected	Brain, Lungs, Kidneys, Placenta and other tissues.
·         Major signs/symptoms	Anaemia, pain in joints, fever, chills, nausea and flu like symptoms. Light headed, shortness of breath and in severe cases death.
·         Sequalae	Lack of information on duration of disease sequalae such as anaemia and for Neurological disorders due to complicated malaria.
·         Latency	7 days or more, usually 10-15 days
Treatment:
·         Main treatment methods	Uncomplicated Malaria: Quinine followed by Doxycycline, Clindamycin or Sulfadoxine with Pyrimethamine Severe Malaria: Quinine administered intravenously directly into the bloodstream
·         Typical length of treatment	Varies, dependant on the area in which the patient became infected, the type of malaria, severity of illness and also any complications.
·         Prophylactic measures	Research the country you are visiting beforehand to establish if the area is malarious, take anti-malarial drugs such as Chloroquine or Proguanil before during and after the visit, use insect repellent containing DEET (diethyltoluamide), cover exposed skin, sleep under a bed net and sleep in an air conditioned room

Reference

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/travel/diseases/malaria_disease.htm

http://www.bupa.co.uk/individuals/health-information/directory/m/malaria-disease

http://www.cdc.gov/MALARIA/

http://www.doctorfox.co.uk/anti-malaria-tablets/

http://www.esocialsciences.org/.../repecDownload.aspx?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QwEkGCjbbJ8